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2.1 Participation in PRS implementation (overall perspective): The case of Zambia provides a good example for the so-called 'participation gap': While participation proceeded promisingly during formulation of the PRSP, it nearly collapsed during implementation-if indeed implementation was carried out. At any rate, substantial dialogue seems out of question; the PRS working groups virtually stayed mute for almost two years upon conclusion of the drafting period. It was not until fall of 2003 that they were reactivated to gather statements on the Medium-term Expenditure Framework, which was carried out for the first time. Since then the groups meet frequently. However, nothing could be further from systematic participation of civil society in PRS implementation (Waldenhof 2005). 2.2 Participation in Policy Reforms linked to the PRS (specific perspective): One of the most comprehensive reform programs is the Public Expenditure Management and Financial Accountability (PEMFA) program, which is negotiated between and implemented by government and donors. Non-state actors are not involved. The parliament, after all, shall benefit from a subproject of the PEMFA. Other sectors: No specific information available. 2.3 Participation in PRS Monitoring: To date, a national monitoring system concerned with the PRS implementation process is not fully developed. Monitoring efforts so far focussed on the implementation of individual poverty reduction projects (Poverty Reduction Programmes, PRPs). Reports regarding the latter were discussed in Sector Advisory Group Meetings, in which not-state actors have a stake. The government itself considers the system as clearly deficient; henceforth, it aims at modification (Government of Zambia 2005: 27; IMF/IDA 2005: 11-13). In an endeavour to assess PRS implementation, CSPR went for its own monitoring (CSPR 2004a). Results of a participatory applied study, which was conducted in several parts of the country, highlight minimal impact PRS-initiated programs had on the lives of the poor. 2.4 Participation in PRS Revision: In early 2005 the process of PRS evaluation started, which should bring forth a National Development Plan (substituting the PRSP) by the end of the year. The review process should mainly rest with the Sector Advisory Groups (SAG). Civil society actively participates in these groups. Beyond participation in the government-led working groups CSPR established its own sectoral working groups (regarding issues such as gender equity) in order to contribute concertedly to the revision process. However, civil society has criticized that the timetable for consulting on the new strategy is too tight, limiting civil society participation, particularly at the sub-national level (Eurodad 2005: 2).
3.1 Structures: The Sector Advisory Groups-consisting of representatives from government, civil society, private sector, and donors-are the most notable structural occurrence. Established in 2001 in order to develop the draft-PRSP, further meetings were suspended at first after adoption of the documents. It was not until October of 2003 that they carried on with their work; this time to discuss the medium-term financial planning. In 2004 and 2005 several meetings concerned with the discussion of progress made in poverty reduction, and, moreover, with the preparation of the PRS review process proceeded. 3.2 Rights: Formally, participation in the PRS process is not legally guaranteed. The Sector Advisory Groups operate without rules of procedure or written agenda. 3.3 Legitimacy: The civil society network Civil Society for Poverty Reduction (CSPR) enjoys a good reputation. Based on the high number of member NGOs (more than 80), its legitimacy can be regarded as high. Internally, CSPR's organizational structure is very transparent and basic-democratic. The inclusion of women's perspectives and voices through CSPR member NGOs is another most positive development. However, CSPR's platform is located in the capital, and the few regional CSPR groups lead a shadowy existence. Several individual civil society groups included in the PRS process such as the Catholic Church not only enjoy a high reputation but are also deeply rooted in local communities. Internally, however, their organizational structure is rather top-down than democratic. 3.4 Capacity: Civil society actors engaged in the PRS process are weakly resourced with personnel and money; CSPR, for instance, only employs half a dozen full-time staff in Lusaka. This is especially problematic due to the fact that the government most often asks for statements on short notice. Staff capacities, for instance, are substantially tight in terms of macroeconomic planning of poverty reduction (Eurodad 2005: 3). The financial dependence on foreign investment-predominantly coming from governmental donors such as GTA or DFID-is clearly problematic; however, to date there seems to be no other option.
4.1 Statistical data a. Developmental status
b. Indebteness In 2003 Zambia's total external debt was US$ 6.5 billion.
After a delay of one and a half years Zambia reached the HIPC completion
point in early 2005. Its external official debt service (in percent of
expert of goods and services) is envisaged to decrease from ca. 14 % in
2003 to ca. 5,5 % in 2007 (IMF 2004b: 29). African Forum and Network on Debt and Development (AFRODAD)
- Zambia country profille Jubilee Plus - Zambia country profile Paris Club - Zambia debt treatments World Bank: HIPC - Zambia Case World Bank: Zambia Estimated Debt Service Payments c. Further statistical resources OECD (2005): African Economic Outlook 2004/05 - Zambia World Bank: Zambia Data & Statistics 4.2 Important documents a. Official PRS-related documents Government of Zambia (2005): Addendum to the Second PRSP
Implementation Report 2004. Lusaka. Government of Zambia (2004a): First PRSP Implementation
Progress Report. January 2002 - June 2003. Lusaka. Government of Zambia (2004b): Second PRSP Implementation
Progress Report. July 2003 - June 2004. Lusaka. Government of Zambia / Ministry of Finance and National Planning (2003): 2004-2006 Medium-Term Expenditure Framework and the 2004 Budget. Green Paper. Lusaka. Government of Zambia (2002): Zambia Poverty Reduction Strategy
Paper 2002-2004. Lusaka. Government of Zambia / Ministry of Finance and Economic
Development (2001): Status Report on PRSP. Lusaka, September 28. Government of Zambia / Ministry of Finance and Economic
Development (2000): Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Lusaka,
July 7. IMF/IDA (2005): Joint IDA-IMF Staff Advisory Note on the
Second Annual Progress Report Prepared by staff of the International Monetary
Fund and the International Development Association. IMF/IDA (2004): Zambia. PRSP Progress Report. Joint Staff
Assessment. May. IMF/IDA (2002): Zambia. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.
Joint Staff Assessment. Washington D.C. IMF/IDA (2001): Zambia. Assessment of Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper Progress Report. October. IMF/IDA (2000): Zambia. Assessment of Interim Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper. July. For the most recent official PRSP documents see b. Major donor-related documents Carlsson, Jerker et al. (2000): Poverty and European Aid
in Zambia. A Study of the Poverty Orientation of European Aid to Zambia.
Overseas Development Institute, ODI Working Paper 138, London, September. European Commission: Zambia Country Strategy Paper Fagernäs, Sonja/John Roberts (2004): The Fiscal Effects
of Aid in Zambia. Overseas Development Institute (ODI), Economic and Statistics
Analysis Unit, ESAU Working Paper 10, London,. October. IMF (2004a): Zambia: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix.
Washington D.C., July. IMF (2004b): Zambia: Request for Three-Year Arrangement
Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, Washington D.C., July. Memorandum (2004): GRZ / Donor Co-ordination and Harmonisation.
Memorandum of Understanding. Lusaka, April 1. Van der Heijden, Hendrik (2001): Zambian Policy-making and
the Donor Community in the 1990s. World Institute for Development Economics
Research (WIDER), Discussion Paper No. 2001/87, Helsinki, September. World Bank (2005): Zambia: Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment.
Washington D.C., Discussion Draft, June 29. World Bank: Zambia Country Assistence Strategy (CAS) Zambia HIPC Completion Point Document (March 2005) Zambia HIPC Decision Point Document (November 2000) For further donor-related strategy documents see http://www.countryanalyticwork.net 4.3 Reports and analyses a. PRSP-related publications The (Zambian) Civil Society for Poverty Reduction's website offers a wealth of Zambia-related PRSP documents: http://www.cspr.org.zm/ Adubifa, O. Akin (2004): What is a Poverty Reduction Strategy
Without Science and Technology? A Review of Science and Technology and
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Technology
Policy Studies Network (ATPS), ATPS Special Paper Series No. 18, Nairobi.
(includes data on Zambia) Africa Budget Project/Idasa Budget Information Service (2002a):
Civil Society Budget Groups and their Participation in the PRSP Process.
Draft Synthesis Report, Researched For The International Budget Project/Center
on Budget and Policy Priorities, September. (includes data on Zambia) African Forum & Network on Debt and Development (AFRODAD)/Christian
Aid (undated): The Loan Contraction Process in Africa. Making loans work
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Relief and Growth. A Study of Zambia and Tanzania. World Institute for
Development Economics Research (WIDER), Discussion paper No. 2001/104,
Helsinki, October. Bojö, Jan et al. (2004): Environment in Poverty Reduction
Strategies and Poverty Reduction Support Credits. World Bank, Environment
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made Vulnerable by HIV/AIDS? Results of a Joint UNICEF and World Bank
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ODI Working Paper 172. July. (inlcudes data on Zambia) Bread for the World (2001): What Good Can Debt Relief and
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parliaments in Sub-Saharan Africa: an ideational framework for investigation.
Centre for International Studies, Dublin City University, Working Papers
in International Studies 2005/2. Gibbs, Sara/Deborah Ajulu (1999): The Role of the Church
in Advocacy: Case Studies from Southern and Eastern Africa. International
NGO Training and Resource Centre, INTRAC Occassional Paper, March. (includes
Zambia case study) Milimo, Mabel C. et al. (2004): Zambia Stratgic Country
Gender Assessment. A Report of The World Bank, July. Thurlow, James/Peter Wobst (2004a): Operationalising Pro-Poor
Growth. A Country Case Study on Zambia. October. Thurlow, James/Peter Wobst (2004b): The Road to Pro-Poor
Growth in Zambia: Past Lessons and Future Challenges. International Food
Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Development Strategy and Governance
Division, DSGD Discussion Paper No. 16, Washington D.C., December. Whitehead, Ann/Matthew Lockwood (1999): Gender in the World
Bank's Poverty Assessments: Six Case Studies from Sub-Saharan Africa.
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Discussion
Paper No. 99, Geneva, June. (includes Zambia case study) Zambia Vulnerability Assessment Committee (2004): Zambia
Livelihood Map Rezoning and Baseline Profiling. Final Report, Lusaka,
October. For Zambia National Human Development Report (issued by
UNDP Zambia) see For Zambia MDG Progress Reports (issued by UNDP Zambia)
see 4.4 Links to stakeholders involved Civil Society for Poverty Reduction (CSPR) Zambia Social Investment Fund Jubilee Zambia c. Civil society Civil Society for Poverty Reduction Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace Directory of Development Organizations (national / international) d. Donors / International actors Aid Harmonization & Alignment Iniatiative - Zambia country
profile International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Zambia country profile World Bank - Zambia country profile United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) - Zambia country
office 4.5 General country information The Post (independent Zambian daily newspaper) AllAfrica.com - Zambia news Development Gateway Freedom House - Zambia country profile The Eldis Gateway to development information provides a comprehensive and up-to-date country website that can be accessed at http://www.eldis.org/africa/index.htm A further comprehensive collection of web links can
be found at Stanford University: 4.6 General links that also provide country-specific information European Network on Debt and Development (Eurodad) International Monetary Fund (IMF) The World Bank Group Paris Club Source : www.prsp-watch.de (September 2005) © German Version: VENRO |
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