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2.1 Participation in PRS implementation (overall perspective): Implementation of the CPRGS started in September 2002 with the establishment of a Steering Committee-chartered by the Prime Minister-and the start of work of CPRGS Secretariat and Inter-Ministerial Working Group of the MPI. However, statements on the extent of civil society participation in PRS implementation are presently not obtainable. Reference is solely made regarding that "training workshops are considered important activities for an implementation of CPRGS at local levels." The PRSP further states: "By this way local leaders and policy-makers from sectoral departments were provided methods and techniques to integrate CPRGS into their local socio-economic development plans." In addition, regional poverty participatory assessments were also conducted to provide amendment to CPRGS integration in local plan progress as well as to an efficient monitoring and evaluation system (Socialist Republic of Vietnam 2003: 71). 2.2 Participation in Policy Reforms linked to the PRS (specific perspective): No specific information available. 2.3 Participation in PRS Monitoring: The coordination of CPRGS implementation and the responsibility for the monitoring thereof lies within the MPI. The Ministry of Finance, on the other hand, has to provide data concerning revenues and financial management. The CPRGS Secretariat and the Inter-Ministerial Working Group are responsible for the development of an M&E system as well as its coordination and operation. At provincial level, the Departments of Planning and Investment are responsible for the integration of CPRGS goals into the local socioeconomic planning as well as for monitoring. Statements on the extent of civil society participation in PRS monitoring and evaluation, however, are presently not obtainable. The First Annual Progress Report was prepared by the MPI and the CPRGS Secretariat under the guidance of the Inter-Ministerial Working Group. 2.4 Participation in PRS Revision: No specific information available.
3.1 Structures: Thanks to the establishment of the Inter-Ministerial Working Group, the inter-sectoral cooperation improved considerably and more actors than previously were included in the political process. However, the potential for effective civil society participation is still limited in Vietnam. In particular, the lack of a legal basis for participation of local NGOs, their weak positioning within the Vietnamese society as well as the government's reservations to directly include local NGO in the PRS process hamper their participation. 3.2 Rights: The Grassroots Democracy Decree allowed for participation in policy-making and implementation at local level (community and district), and, thus, included the real poor. Albeit the positive effects, participation at local level can neither be labeled broad-based nor institutionalized (Wolff et al. 2002: 25 and 53). 3.3 Legitimacy: The CPRGS-Process introduced new modes of participatory or consultative policy-making to the Vietnamese political system. A number of Vietnamese NGOs participated in the drafting process and expressed their satisfaction with what they gained through this engagement (Conway 2004: 20). The first group of NGOs are the Party-sponsored mass organizations, which operate under the umbrella of the Fatherland Front. Although these primarily exist to mobilize social opinion and action in support of the Party, they do exercise some influence on policy. They primarily represent the interests of particular social groups (Conway 2004: 26-27). By contrast, civil society or private sector organizations are quite new in Vietnam and also have quite ambiguous connections to the political system and the policy process. They are much less numerous and influential-and almost always closer to the state-than their counterparts in other countries. Several of these quasi-autonomous organizations were involved in the CPRS process. However, independent observers lament that participation at national and provincial level during PRSP formulation was only weak. Accordingly, government, party, donors, and international NGOs dominate the process, while the private sector, Vietnamese NGOs, and other target groups remain underrepresented. The poor are particularly excluded; there is no forum which would allow them to express their needs, government consultations are the only means left to play a part in the CPRGS process. 3.4 Capacity: In summary, the engagement of
non-state actors in policy and budget processes in Vietnam has significantly
improved, but still remains limited. In particular PRS implementation
at local level proves to be deficient (Wolff et al. 2002: VI-VII):
4.1 Statistical data a. Developmental status
b. Indebteness Since 1995 Vietnam has halved its debts and is no longer classified as highly-indebted country. The World Development Report 2002 (World Bank) lists Vietnam as lowly-indebted country. The development of a PRSP however enables Vietnam to further receive World Bank/IMF loans under IDA-conditions. For further information see: Jubilee Plus Paris Club - Vietnam debt treatments World Bank: HIPC - Vietnam case World Bank: Vietnam Estimated Debt Service Payments c. Further statistical resources General Statistics Office of Vietnam World Bank: Vietnam Data & Statistics 4.2 Important documents a. Official PRS-related documents CPRGS Inter-Ministerial Working Unit (2004): Integrating
the CPRGS into Local Socio-Economic Development Plan: Experiences from
Tra Vinh, Hanoi, June. IMF/IDA (2003): Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Joint Staff
Assessment of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Annual Progress Report.
IMF/IDA (2002a): Vietnam. Joint Staff Assessment of the
Poverty Reduction Strategy. June 6. Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2003): The comprehensive
poverty reduction And growth strategy (CPRGS). Hanoi, November. Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2002): The Comprehensive
Poverty Reduction And Growth Strategy (CPRGS). Hanoi, May. Social Republic of Vietnam (2001): Interim Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper. Hanoi, March 14. The steering committee of comprehensive poverty reduction
and growth strategy, The Inter-ministerial Working Group (2004): VietNam:
Growth and reduction of poverty. Annual Progress Report of 2002-2003.
Hanoi. For the most recent official PRSP documents see b. Major donor-related documents Bartholomew, Ann/Stephen Lister (2002): Managing Aid in
Vietnam. A Country Case Study. Mokoro Ltd., September. Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) (2002):
The CDF and the PRSP Process in Vietnam, and their Implications for CIDA
Programming. January. Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM)/Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2003): Study on Donor Practices in Vietnam.
Grand Aid and Transaction Costs. March. European Commission (2002): Vietnam Country Strategy Paper
2002-2006 Partnership Group for Aid Effectiveness (PGAE) (2004): Harmonisation
and Alignment for Greater Aid Effectiveness in Vietnam - Report 2004.
December. Ohno, Izumi (2004): Fostering True Ownership in Vietnam:
From Donor Management to Policy Autonomy and Content. GRIPS Development
Forum, November. World Bank (2004a): Vietnam Development Report 2005 World Bank (2003a): Vietnam Development Report 2004 - Poverty World Bank: Vietnam Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) For further donor-related strategy documents see http://www.countryanalyticwork.net 4.3 Reports and analyses Alonso i Terme, Rosa/Lindsay Judge/Jeni Klugman (2005):
PRSPs and Budgets: A Synthesis of Five Case Studies, in: Budget Support
Practitioners' Forum. Conference olume, World Bank, OPCS (forthcoming).
(based on Vietnam case study) Alonso i Terme, Rosa (undated): The Elimination of Primary
Education Contributions for the Poor in Vietnam - A Case Study in the
Political Economy of Pro-Poor Policies. Joint Donor PRSP Training. Bell, Emma (2003): Gender and PRSPs: with experiences from
Tanzania, Bolivia, Viet Nam and Mozambique. Prepared for the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, Denmark, BRIDGE (development-gender), Report No. 67,
March. Bojö, Jan et al. (2004): Environment in Poverty Reduction
Strategies and Poverty Reduction Support Credits. World Bank, Environment
Department, Environmental Economics Series, Paper No. 102, Washington
D.C., November. (includes data on Vietnam) Bojö, Jan/Rama Chandra Reddy (2003): Status and Evolution
of Environmental Priorities in the Poverty Reduction Strategies. An Assessment
of Fifty Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers. World Bank, Environment Department,
Environmental Economics Series, Paper No. 93, Washington D.C., November.
(includes data on Vietnam) Booth, David/Lukas, Henry (2002): Good Practice in the Development
of PRSP Indicators and Monitoring Systems. Overseas Development Institute,
ODI Working Paper 172, London. (includes data on Vietnam) Caillods, F./J. Hallak (2004): Education and PRSPs. A review
of experiences. A review undertaken with the support of DFID, UNESCO,
Interational Institute of Educational Planning, Paris. (includes data
on Vietnam) Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) (2001):
Civil Society, the Private Sector and the PRSP Approach. A Round Table
Facilitated by CIDA, Summary Report, Hull, December 13. (includes data
on Vietnam) Chavez-Malaluan, Jenina Joy/Shalmali Guttal (2002): Structural
Adjustment in the Name of the Poor. The PRSP Experience in the Lao PDR,
Cambodia and Vietnam. Focus on the Global South, Bangkok. Commins, Stephen et al. (2001): Poverty Reduction Strategies
in Vietnam. UCLA School of Public Policy & Social Research, June. Conway, Tim (2004): Politics and the PRSP Approach: Vietnam
Case Study. Overseas Development Institute, ODI Working Paper 241, London. Coyle, Erin/Alison Evans (2003): Experience of PRSs in Asia.
Executive Summary - Key Issues. PRSP Monitoring & Synthesis Project,
Synthesis Note 8, July. (includes data on Vietnam) Dewachter, Sara (2005): The Participation Conditionality
under Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: The Joint Staff Assessment -experience.
University of Antwerp, Institute of Development Policy and Management,
IDPM-UA discussion paper 2005-6, April. (includes data on Vietnam) Driscoll, Ruth/Sophie Jenks (2004): An overview of NGO Participation
in PRSPs. Overseas Development Institute (ODI), March. (includes data
on Vietnam) Duc, Le Thu/Ngucen Thang (2005): Macroeconomic Policy Choices
for Growth and Poverty Reduction. The Door is Open. Why Many Can't Get
Out: The Case of Vietnam. The North-South Institute, Policy Brief. Evans, Alison (2002): Reporting & Monitoring: Post-full
PRSP Challenges. PRS Monitoring & Synthesis Project, Briefing Note
2, March. (includes data on Vietnam). Fox, James W. (2003): Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers:
Review of Private Sector Participation. USAID Development Information
Services (DIS), Washington D.C., October 31. (includes data on Vietnam) GRIPS Development Forum (2003): Linking Economic Growth
and Poverty Reduction. Large Scale Infrastructure in the Context of Vietnam's
CPRGS. National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), November. GTZ (2005): Making Poverty Reduction Strategies Work -Good
Practices, Issues, and Stakeholder Views-A Contribution of German Development
Cooperation for the 2005 PRSP Review May 2005. Eschborn, May. (includes
Vietnam Good Practice sheet) GTZ (2004a): National Monitoring of Sustainable Poverty
Reduction Strategies / PRSPs. Volume 1: Main Report. Eschborn. (based
on Vietnam case study) GTZ (2004b): National Monitoring of Sustainable Poverty
Reduction Strategies / PRSPs. Volume 2: Country Study Vietnam. Eschborn. Heidel, Klaus (2004): Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers
- blind to the rights of the (working) child? The (I-)PRSPs' perception
of child labour. A problem outline and annotated collection of source
material. Kindernothilfe/Werkstatt Ökonomie, Duisburg/Heidelberg,
March. (includes data on Vietnam) Hewitt, Adrian/Ian Gillson (2003): Review of the Trade and
Poverty Content in PRSPs and Loan-Related Documents. Report commissioned
by Christian Aid, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London. (includes
Vietnam case study) High-Level Forum on the Health MDGs (2004): MDG-Orientated
Sector and Poverty Reduction Strategies: Lessons from Experience in Health.
Abuja, December. (includes data on Vietnam) Houghton, Irungu (2001): Up against the Wind: Recent ActionAid
experiences of engaging the Poverty Reduction Strategies and other IFI
lending policies. Presentation to the conference entitled "From Engagement
to Protest" organised by SAPRIN et al., April 19th, Washington DC.
(includes data on Vietnam) Huu, Nguyen Hai (undated): Vietnam: Monitoring & Evaluation
of the Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy (C-PRGS) and
the National Target Program on Poverty Reduction and Employment. Prepared
for the Joint Donor PRSP Training. IMF Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) (2004): Vietnam.
Evaluation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) Process and
Arrangements Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF). Washington
D.C., July 6. IMF/IDA (2002b): Review of the Poverty Reduction Strategy
Paper (PRSP) Approach: Early Experience with Interim PRSPs and Full PRSPs.
Prepared by the Staffs of the IMF and World Bank, Washington DC., March
26. (includes data on Vietnam) International Labour Organisation (ILO) (2002): Disability
and Poverty Reduction Strategies. How to ensure that access of persons
with disabilities to decent and productive work is part of the PRSP process.
Discussion Paper, Geneva, November. Ishikawa, Shigeru (2002): Growth Promotion versus Poverty
Reduction. World Bank Rethinking of Aid Policy and Implications for Developing
Countries. GRIPS Development Forum, August. (includes Vietnam case study). Joint Government-donor-NGO partnership groups in Vietnam
(2002): Vietnam: The Drive to Partnership. An Informal Report for the
Consultative Group Meeting for Vietnam, Hanoi, December 10-11, 2002. Joint Government-donor-NGO partnership groups in Vietnam
(2001): Putting Partnerships to Work. An Informal Report for the Consultative
Group Meeting for Vietnam. Hanoi, December 7-8, 2001. Killick, Tony (2002): The 'Streamlining' of IMF Conditionality:
Aspirations, Reality and Repercussions. A report for the Department for
International Development (DFID), Overseas Development Institute (ODI),
London, April. (based on Vietnam case study) Ladd, Paul (2003): Too hot to handle? The absence of trade
policy from PRSPs. Christian Aid, April. (includes data on Vietnam) Leisher, Craig (2002): The Good, the Bad, the Bizarre: WWF's Role in Integrating the Environment into the PRSP in Vietnam. A Case Study. Final Draft. World Wildlife Fund (WWF), October. Lucas, Henry/David Evans/Katherine Pasteur (2004): Research
on the current state of PRS monitoring systems. Institute of Development
Studies (IDS), Discussion Paper 382, Brighton, December. (includes data
on Vietnam) Marcus, Rachel/John Wilkinson (2002): Whose Poverty Matters?
Vulnerability, Social Protection and PRSPs. Childhood Poverty Research
and Policy Centre (CHIP), Working Paper No. 1. (includes data on Vietnam) Mitlin, Diana (2004): Understanding Urban Poverty - What
the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers tell us. London. (includes data
on Vietnam) Mozammel, Masud/Sina Odugbemi (eds.) (2005): With the support
of multitudes, World Bank/DFID, Washington D.C./London. (includes Vietnam
case study) Nørlund, Irene/Tran Ngoc Ca/Nguyen Dinh Tuyen (2003):
Dealing with the Donors. The Politics of Vietnam's Comprehensive Poverty
Reduction and Growth Strategy. Institute of Development Studies, University
of Helsinki, Policy Papers 4/2003. OECD/DAC (2004): Role of Infrastructure in Economic Growth
and Poverty Reduction. Lessons Learned from PRSPs of 33 Countries. DAC
Network on Poverty Reduction, Berlin, October 27-29. (includes data on
Vietnam) OECD/DAC (2003): Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) as of January 2003.
OECD, Global Forum on Knowledge Economy, Paris, 4-5 March. (includes data
on Vietnam) Ohno, Izumi (2002): Diversifying PRSP. The Vietnamese Model
for Growth-Oriented Poverty Reduction. National Graduate Institute for
Policy Studies (GRIPS), Discussion Paper No. 4, August. O'Malley, Kate (2004): Children and Young People Participating
in PRSP Processes: Lessons from Save the Children's experiences. Save
the Children Fund, London. (includes data on Vietnam) Pincus, Jonathan/Nguyen Thang (2004): Poverty Reduction
Strategy Process and National Development Strategies in Asia: A Report
to DFID. Country Study Vietnam. Centre for Development Policy Research
(CDPR), School of Oriental and African Studies, February. Poverty Working Group (undated): Report of the Sapa Workshop.
A Comprehensive Poverty Reduction Strategy for Vietnam. Randel, Judith/Dang Kim Son (2003): Independent Evaluation
of SDC's Bilateral Engagement in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) Process. Part 2: Case Studies - Vietnam. Gerster Consulting/Development
Initatives, April 6. SGTS & Associates (2000a): Civil Society Participation
in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). Report to DfID. Vol I: Overview
and Recommendations. October. (based on Vietnam case study) SGTS & Associates (2000b): Civil Society Participation
in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP). Report to DfID, Vol III Vietnam
Case Study. Hanoi, June. Shanks, Edwin/Carrie Turk (2003): Refining Policy with the
Poor. Local Consultations on the Draft Comprehensive Poverty Reduction
and Growth Strategy in Vietnam. World Bank, Poverty Reduction and Economic
Management Sector Unit, Policy Research Working Paper 2968, Washington
D.C., January. Thanh, Hoang X. (2005): Participatory poverty research and policy influencing in PRSP process: the Vietnam case, in: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) (ed.): Civil society and poverty reduction, Participatory Learning and Action 51, London, pp. 77-80. Tharakan, Pradeep/Mia MacDonald (2004): Poverty Environment.
Developing and Testing a PRSP Evaluation Methodology. World Wildlife Fund
(WWF), Macroeconomics for Sustainable Development Program Office, November.
(includes Vietnam case study) Thin, Neil (2001): Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: Lessons
Learned, and Their Role in Asia. Background paper for DFID Regional Livelihoods
Workshop, Rajendupur, Bangladesh, 8-10th May 2001. (includes data on Vietnam) Tuan, Do Huang Anh/Nguyen Van Minh (undated): Vietnam National
Level Public Expenditure Review Exercise. UFJ Institute Ltd. (2005): The Poverty Reduction Impact
of Economic Infrastructure Project (2). Key issues and lessons learned
from the Vietnam's CPRGS Process. Final Report, Commissioned by Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Japan, March. UNDP Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP)
(2005): Do Governments Actually Believe that ICT Can Help Alleviate Poverty?
A Perspective from Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). APDIP e-Note
2/2005. (includes data on Vietnam) Weeks, John/Nguyen Thang (2003): Viet Nam Country Report,
in: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Evaluation Office (ed.):
Evaluation of UNDP's Role in the PRSP Process. Volume II. Country Reports.
New York, September, pp. 141-164. Wolff, Peter et al. (2002): The Comprehensive Poverty Reduction
and Growth Strategy in Vietnam. Process, Donor Contribution, and Prospects
for its Implementation. German Development Institute (DIE/GDI), Bonn. Wolff, Peter (2002): Vietnam - Poverty Reduction Strategy
Paper. A New Approach to Lending for Development Policy Support? Bonn,
July. World Bank Operations Evaluation Department (OED)/IMF Independent
Evaluation Office (IEO) (2005): The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative.
Findings from 10 Country Case Studies of World Bank and IMF Support. Washington
D.C. (includes Vietnam case study) World Bank (2005): Poverty Reduction Support Credits: A
Stocktaking. Operations Policy and Country Services (OPCS), Washington
D.C., June 24. (includes data on Vietnam) World Bank (2004b): A Review of Poverty Reduction Strategies
- Do They Empower Stakeholders? Work in progress - draft, Poverty Reduction
Group (PREM), Washington D.C., January. (includes Vietnam case study) World Bank (2004c): Poverty Reduction Strategies: Their Importance for Disability. Disability and Development Team, Washington D.C., July 7. World Bank (2004d): A Review of Population, Reproductive
Health, and Adolescent Health & Development in Poverty Reduction Strategies.
Population and Reproductive Health Cluster/Health Nutrition and Population
Central Unit, Washington D.C., August. (includes data on Vietnam) World Bank (2002): Aligning Assistance for Development Effectiveness.
Promising Country Experience. Comprehensive Development Framework Secretariat/Operations
Policy and Country Services (OPCS), Washington D.C., February. (includes
Vietnam case study) World Bank (undated): Action Learning Program on Participatory
Processes for Poverty Reduction Strategies. Vietnam Process Case Study.
Participation and Civic Engagement Group, Washington D.C. World Development Movement (2005): Democracy and the Poverty
Reduction Strategy process: Country cases. May. (includes Vietnam case
study). World Health Organization (2004): PRSPs: Their Significance
for Health: second synthesis report. Geneva. (includes data on Vietnam) Zuckerman, Elaine (2002): Evaluation of Gender Mainstreaming
in Advocacy Work on Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). Synthesis
Report, Gender Action, May. (includes data on Vietnam) b. Background reading Asian Development Bank (2002): Women in Viet Nam. Country
Briefing Paper, Regional and Sustainable Development Department/Mekong
Department, Manila. Cuong, Pham M. (2003): Linkages between poverty alleviation
and environment: evidence and policy implications from a northern mountainous
province, Vietnam. Fritzen, Scott (2003): The 'misery' of implementation: Governance,
institutions and anti-corruption in Vietnam. Finvited paper for conference:
Governance, institutions and anti-corruption in Asia, New Zealand, 28-30
April, First Draft. Fritzen, Scott (2001): Donors, Local Development Groups
and Institutional Reform over Vietnam's Development Decade. Presented
at Vietnam Update Conference, November. Hannah, Joseph (2005): Selected readings in "Civil
Society in Vietnam". University of Washington (Seattle), January. Kakwani, Nanak/Hyun H. Son (2005): On Assessing Pro-Poorness
of Government Programmes. International Comparisons. UNDP International
Poverty Centre, Working Paper No. 6, Brasilia, May. (includes Vietnam
case study) Klump, Rainer/Thomas Bonschab (2004): Operationalising Pro-Poor
Growth. A Country Case Study on Vietnam. October. Minot, Nicholas/Bob Baulch (2002): The Spatial Distribution
of Poverty in Vietnam and the Potential for Targeting. World Bank, Policy
Research Working Paper 2829, Washington D.C., April. Osmani, S.R. (2005): The Employment Nexus Between Growth
and Poverty. An Asian Perspective. SIDA Studies No. 15, Stockholm. (includes
Vietnam case study) Swinkels, Rob/Carrie Turk (2004): Poverty and remote areas:
evidence from new data and questions for the future. Background paper
for the PAC conference, 24-26 November. Turk, Carrie (2001): Linking participatory poverty assessments
to policy and policymaking - experience from Vietnam. World Bank, Policy
Research Working Paper 2526, Washington D.C. Tran-Thanh, Khanh (2003): Needle in a Haystack: Searching
for Civil Society in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. University College
London, Development Planing Unit, Working Paper No. 127. Santiago, Eden V. (2002): Vietnam. Decentralisation for
Better Local Governance. Sinh, Bach T. (2001): Civil Society and NGOs in Vietnam:
Some Initial Thoughts on Development and Obstacles. Paper presented at
the Meeting with the Delegation of the Swedish Parliamentary Commission
on Swedish Policy for Global Development to Vietnam. For various further documents on poverty reduction in Vietnam see http://www.undp.org.vn/undp/lib/index.htm 4.4 Links to stakeholders involved a. PRSP The Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy
of Vietnam (CPRGS) Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) Ministry of Planning and Investment: Central Institute for
Economic Management (CIEM) Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) Vietnam Development Forum (VDF) (cooperation between the
Japanese National Institute of Graduate Policy Studies and the National
Economics University, Hanoi) VUFO-NGO Resource Centre Vietnam Directory of Development Organizations (national / international) c. Donors / International actors Aid Harmonization & Alignment Iniatiative - Vietnam
country profile Action Aid Vietnam International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Vietnam country profile World Bank - Vietnam country profile United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) - Vietnam country
office Save the Children UK Directory of Development Organizations (national / international) 4.5 General country information Vietnam Development Information Center Development Gateway Vietnam Development Gateway Freedom House -Vietnam country profile The Eldis Gateway to development information provides
a comprehensive and up-to-date country website that can be accessed at
http://www.eldis.org/eastasia/index.htm 4.6 General links that also provide country-specific information European Network on Debt and Development (Eurodad) International Monetary Fund (IMF) The World Bank Group Paris Club Source : www.prsp-watch.de (September 2005) © German Version: VENRO |
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