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2.1 Participation in PRS implementation (overall perspective): Marking the PRSP's inception, PRSP formulation only faintly indicates participation. However, several analyses come to agree that CSOs contributed valuably to the PRS, e.g. in the area of government services (DANIDA 2001: 6-7), as well as in prioritizing of education and Good Governance. Admittedly though, many share the view that PRS implementation rests mostly in the hand of the government. 2.2 Participation in policy reforms linked to the PRS (specific perspective): Regarding implementation the government highlights participation in the revamping of the legal and judicial system. Labeled a "pilot scheme for community participation", involving communities in the rehabilitation of district courts in the Arusha and Manyara regions is expected to provide a model for the reform of the whole legal sector . 2.3 Participation in PRS monitoring: Since
2002 the annual Poverty Policy Week serves the purpose as open forum and,
thus, opens up the space for public debate on poverty reduction (Shariff
Samji 2005: 62-63). Consequently, civil society actors (most notably big
NGOs) engage in the debate, which is based on the government's Poverty
and Human Development Report. As vital part of the PMS participation is
drawn from the Consultative Group Meeting between government and international
donors; civil society actors are invited to take their stand during the
open session (e.g. in December 2002; IMF/IDA 2004). As part of the CG-Meeting,
the Annual Progress Reports (APR) appeared on the agenda. While the first
APR has been widely criticized for passing the chance to include civil
society into its formulation (Evans/Ngalwea 2003: 278), the two follow-ups
(2003 and 2004), according to the government, incorporated the societal
stance through workshops and the aforementioned Poverty Policy Weeks.
Since December 2001 the annual Poverty Monitoring Master Plan delineates
the diverse structure of the Tanzanian PMS and specifically describes
the institutional framework for poverty monitoring: the Poverty Monitoring
Steering Committee with about 30 members representing key stakeholders;
among those, civil society representatives such as the Tanzania Gender
Network Programme (TGNP), the NGO-network TANGO and Save the Children
(international NGO). 2.4 Participation in PRS revision: A broadly-based review process, leading to the formulation of the second cycle of the PRS process, was launched in late 2003. While remaining in the driver's seat, the government acknowledges that societal actors on all levels be given the opportunity to contribute to the process (United Republic of Tanzania / Vice President's Office 2003: 14). Continuously, the process lacks of a clear mechanism to include the positions of trade unions and entrepreneurs.
3.1 Structures: In the course of the PRS process new forums and institutions evolved; departicipation, a salient feature of the structural adjustment phase, could be surmounted. An effective mechanism to translate the findings of the review process into program design needs to be developed further. 3.2 Rights: Participation of civil society actors is now established and recognized by the government-thus, while not enforceable by law, politically participation is actionable. 3.3 Legitimacy: On various occasions, the dominant role of international NGOs is lamented: due to their dependence on resources (international funding), national NGOs are delegitimized. (Gould/Ojanen 2003; Mabinda/Kiondo 2003; DANIDA 2001: 9) 3.4 Capacity: Though civil society teams up in networks (e.g. TCDD and TGNP), their capacity to effectively contribute to the process is limited. The M&E-System is comparatively participatory; however, some stakeholders complain that time invested and effort does not materialize in policy changes (Feuerhahn 2005: 24-25.).
4.1 Statistical data a. Developmental status
b. Indebteness During the course of the HIPC initiative (completion point already in November 2001) Tanzania's total external debt dropped significantly from US$ 7.6 billion in 1998 to US$ 1.6 billion in 2003. Originally, Tanzania's debt to export ratio was 484 % which is three times higher than the sustainability level defined by IMF and World Bank. For more details see the following links: African Forum and Network on Debt and Development (AFRODAD)
- Tanzania country profille Jubilee Plus - Tanzania country profile Paris Club - Tanzania debt treatments World Bank: HIPC - Tanzania Case World Bank: Tanzania Estimated Debt Service Payments c. Further statistical resources National Bureau of Statistics United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2003): Poverty
Mapping for Selected African Countries. OECD (2005): African Economic Outlook 2004/05 - Tanzania World Bank: Tanzania Data & Statistics World Bank: Tanzania Summary Gender Profile 4.2 Important documents a. Official PRS-related documents IMF/IDA (2004): Tanzania. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
- Progress Report. Joint Staff Assessment. July 21. IMF/IDA (2003): Tanzania. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
- Progress Report. Joint Staff Assessment. May 5. IMF/IDA (2001): Tanzania. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
- Progress Report. Joint Staff Assessment. November 1. IMF/IDA (2000): Tanzania. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.
Joint Staff Assessment. November 2. Poverty Eradication Division / Vice President's Office (2004):
Report on The Second Poverty Policy Week [2003] In Tanzania. February.
Poverty Reduction Strategy II Consultations. Report to the Vice President's Office. Draft II. Dar es Salaam, 21. June 2004. Research and Analysis Working Group (2004): Tackling Vulnerability.
An Approach to Poverty Reduction. A Plain Language Guide to the 2002/03
Tanzania Participatory Poverty Assessment. October. United Republic of Tanzania / Vice President's Office (2004a):
National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP). 2nd Draft,
October 27. United Republic of Tanzania / Vice-President's Office (2004b):
Consultation Guideline for the Poverty Reduction Strategy Review. January. United Republic of Tanzania (2004): Poverty Reduction Strategy.
The Third Progress Report 2002/03. Dar es Salaam, April. United Republic of Tanzania / Vice President's Office (2003):
Guide for the Poverty Reduction Strategy Review. November. United Republic of Tanzania (2003): Poverty Reduction Strategy
Paper. Second Progress Report 2001/02. Dar es Salaam, March. United Republic of Tanzania (2001a): Poverty Reduction Strategy
Paper. Progress Report 2000/2001. Dar es Salaam, August 14. United Republic of Tanzania (2001b): Poverty Monitoring
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Development Report 2003. For the most recent official PRSP documents see b. Major donor-related documents IMF (2005): Fourth Review Under The Three-Year Arrangement
Under The Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility. August 11. Tanzania HIPC Completion Point Document (November 2001) Tanzania HIPC Decision Point Document (March 2000) World Bank: Tanzania Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) For forther Tanzanian policy documents and news see http://www.tzonline.org/ 4.3 Reports and analyses a. PRSP-related publications The website of the Tanzanian NGO Hakikazi Catalyst is a central hub for country-specific PRSP-related resources: http://www.hakikazi.org/ Adubifa, O. Akin (2004): What is a Poverty Reduction Strategy
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D.C. (includes Tanzania case study) World Bank (2005): Poverty Reduction Support Credits: A
Stocktaking. Operations Policy and Country Services (OPCS), Washington
D.C., June 24. (includes data on Tanzania) World Bank (2004a): A Review of Poverty Reduction Strategies
- Do They Empower Stakeholders? Work in progress - draft, Poverty Reduction
Group (PREM), Washington D.C., January. (includes Tanzania case study) World Bank (2004b): Poverty Reduction Strategies: Their Importance for Disability. Disability and Development Team, Washington D.C., July 7. World Bank (2004c): A Review of Population, Reproductive
Health, and Adolescent Health & Development in Poverty Reduction Strategies.
Population and Reproductive Health Cluster/Health Nutrition and Population
Central Unit, Washington D.C., August. (includes data on Tanzania) World Bank (2002a): Aligning Assistance for Development
Effectiveness. Promising Country Experience. Comprehensive Development
Framework Secretariat/Operations Policy and Country Services (OPCS), Washington
D.C., February. (includes short Tanzania case study) World Bank (2002b): Participation and Civic Engagement in
Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRSP). Good Practice & Lessons Learned.
The Case of Tanzania. Participation and Civic Engagement Group, Washington
D.C. World Development Movement (2005): Democracy and the Poverty
Reduction Strategy process: Country cases. May. (includes Tanzania case
study). World Health Organization (2004): PRSPs: Their Significance
for Health: second synthesis report. Geneva. (includes data on Tanzania) Yamada, Shoko (2005): Educational Finance and Poverty Reduction:
The Cases of Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia. National Graduate Institute
for Policy Studies, GRIPS Development Forum, Discussion Paper No. 8, March. b. Background reading African Forum & Network on Debt and Development (2005):
Tanzania and The Millennium Development Goals. Harare. Blackden, C. Mark/Magdalena Rwebangira (2004): Tanzania
Strategic Country Gender Assessment. World Bank, Poverty Reduction and
Economic Management Network, June 30. Connolly, Eileen (2005): Women's representation in national
parliaments in Sub-Saharan Africa: an ideational framework for investigation.
Centre for International Studies, Dublin City University, Working Papers
in International Studies 2005/2. Fjeldstad, Odd-Helge (2004): Local Government Finances and
Financial Management in Tanzania. Observations from Six Councils, 2000-2003.
REPOA-CMI-NBIR, Special Paper No. 16. PACT Tanzania (undated, a): Media Guide. A Handbook for
Tanzanian Civil Society. PACT Tanzania (undated, b): Legislative Roadmap. A Guide
for Tanzanian Civil Society. Shivji, Issa G. (2004): Reflections on NGOs in Tanzania:
What We Are, What We Are Not and What We Ought to Be?, HakiElimu Working
Paper 9.04. Tsikata, Yvonne M. (2001): Owning Economic Reforms. A Comparative
Study of Ghana and Tanzania. World Institute for Development Economics
Research, WIDER Discussion Paper No. 2001/53, August. Wang, Vibeke (2005): The Accountability Function of Parliament
in New Democracies: Tanzanian Perspectives. Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI),
Working Paper 2005:2. Wang, Vibeke/Lise Rakner (2005): The accountability function
of supreme audit institutions in Malawi, Uganda and Tanzania. Chr. Michelsen
Institute (CMI), Report: 2005:4, Bergen. Whitehead, Ann/Matthew Lockwood (1999): Gender in the World
Bank's Poverty Assessments: Six Case Studies from Sub-Saharan Africa.
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Discussion
Paper No. 99, Geneva, June. (includes Tanzanian case study) 4.4 Links to stakeholders involved a. PRSP Government of Tanzania: (PRSP) Poverty Monitoring Ministry of Finance Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP) Hakikazi Catalyst Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Economic and Social Research Foundation German-Tanzania Network.de Tanzania Association of Non-Governmental Organizations (TANGO)
Tanzania Social and Economic Trust (TASOET) Tanzania Gender Networking Programme (TGNP) Directory of Development Organizations (national / international) c. Donors / International actors Tanzania Development Partners Group (DPG) Aid Harmonization & Alignment Iniatiative - Tanzania
country profile PACT Tanzania International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Tanzania country profile World Bank - Tanzania country profile United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) - Tanzania country
office Directory of Development Organizations (national / international) AllAfrica.com - Tanzania news Development Gateway Tanzania Development Gateway Freedom House - Tanzania country profile The Eldis Gateway to development information provides a comprehensive and up-to-date country website that can be accessed at http://www.eldis.org/africa/index.htm A further comprehensive collection of web links can
be found at Stanford University: 4.6 General links that also provide country-specific information European Network on Debt and Development (Eurodad) International Monetary Fund (IMF) The World Bank Group Paris Club Source : www.prsp-watch.de (September 2005) © German Version: VENRO |
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