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2.1 Participation in PRS implementation (overall perspective): The PRS document provides a plan for enhancing stakeholder participation during the implementation phase. Accordingly, local NGOs and the private sector are to be involved in project implementation and service delivery. But not only with regard to participation, instruments and processes for implementation and monitoring are still at an early stage of development. The JSA states that "participation in implementing or monitoring [in] the NPRS was limited, in part because [of] pre- and post-election factors … but mainly because there are few formal channels through which those outside Government can participate in the policy process" (IMF/IDA 2004: 4). The NGO forum deplores that "[t]he question of wider civil society involvement in the NPRS process is difficult, since there has been less progress in this in this area. More connections could be made between national planning processes and the decentralized local decision-making process to ensure bottom-up flow of information" (NGO Forum on Cambodia 2004a). 2.2 Participation in Policy Reforms linked to the PRS (specific perspective): The challenge to integrate PRS participation processes into ongoing government processes is better established in some areas-e.g. education-than in others (Buckley 2003: 6). In its Progress Report the government states: "Participation in reviewing draft laws and statues is seen as an avenue for protecting the interest of the poor. While in theory broad consultation on draft laws and statues is a good idea, both human and financial resources allocated to this process is negligible" (Kingdom of Cambodia/Supreme National Economic Council et al. 2004: 57). 2.3 Participation in PRS Monitoring: According to the government "[t]he civil society has played an important role in the monitoring of poverty reduction" (Kingdom of Cambodia/Supreme National Economic Council et al. 2004: 113). The NGO forum issued a statement on the first PRS year, which included some proposals for its revision (NGO Forum on Cambodia 2004a). Local and international NGOs are partners in monitoring and evaluating the PRS activities; some undertake own micro-level surveys and evaluation studies. A country level M&E system is still work in progress. The media are to play an important role (Buckley 2003: 13). 2.4 Participation in PRS Revision: No information available.
3.1 Structures: Participation of all stakeholders in the PRS process is far from being engrained. There is no formal process to participate. Some actors even lay in on being partly excluded, given that not all relevant groups were invited to workshops. Another structural hindrance is the lack of integration between the PRS process and the development of the five-year SEDP, which has been criticized by NGOs (Buckley 2003: 9). There is now agreement to merge the two processes (Pollard 2005: 94; Oxfam International 2004: 40). 3.2 Rights: Whereas the CSD was created per decree, there is no legal basis guaranteeing participatory processes within the PRS framework. Moreover, there is no constitutional requirement for the parliament to approve a development plan; nevertheless, the Assembly approved the NPRS. 3.3 Legitimacy: The NGO forum rests on a broad basis and, thus, bears legitimacy as a societal actor. However, questions regarding representativity arise: ethnic minorities are underrepresented (NGO Forum on Cambodia 2004a), while international NGOs dominate the picture. 3.4 Capacity: Inadequate financial and analytical
capacities constrain actors in grasping the complex nature of the PRS
process, and, thus, narrow their ability to follow it in an informed manner.
Moreover, data analysis capacities are limited among government and other
domestic stakeholders. Important PRSP-related documents were only available
in English, disregarding Khmer. The comparatively new and initially weak
trade unions were empowered by capacity building assistance from ILO and
the American Center for International Labor Solidarity (ACILS) to take
part in the process. This led to some labor friendly provisions in the
PRSP (Egulu 2004:29; Buckley 2003: 14; Raghwan 2004).
4.1 Statistical data a. Developmental status
b. Indebteness Cambodia is currently not participating in the (enhanced) HIPC initative. Paris Club World Bank: Cambodia Estimated Debt Service Payments c. Further statistical resources World Bank: Cambodia Data & Statistics 4.2 Important documents a. Official PRS-related documents IMF/IDA (2004): Cambodia: Joint Staff Assessment of NPRS
Annual Progress Report. August 25. IMF/IDA (2003): Cambodia. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.
Joint Staff Assment. January 23. IMF/IDA (2002a): Cambodia. Asssessment of the PRSP Preparation
Status Report. January 22. IMF/IDA (2000): Cambodia. Assessment of the Interim Poverty
Reduction Strategy paper. December 26. Kingdom of Cambodia / Supreme National Economic Council
et al (2004): Cambodia: National Poverty Reduction Strategy Progress Report.
Phnom Penh, Updated 19 August 2004. Kingdom of Cambodia / Council for Social Development (CSD)
(2002): National Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 2003-2005. 20 December. Royal Government of Cambodia / Ministry of Planning (2001):
PRSP Preparation Status Report. Approved December 24. Royal Government of Cambodia (2000): Interim Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper. Phnom Penh, October. For the most recent official PRSP documents see b. Major donor-related documents Asian Development (ADB) (2001): Participatory Poverty Assessment
in Cambodia. Manila, December. Siddiqui, Farid/Niloy Banerjee (2005): Towards improved
aid effectiveness in Cambodia. Guest contribution - issue 25 - April. UNIFEM et al. (2004): A Fair Share for Women. Cambodia Gender
Assessment. March. World Bank (2004): Cambodia at the Crossroads. Strengthening
Accountability to Reduce Poverty: Washington D.C., November 15. World Bank (1999): Cambodia Poverty Assessment. November
22. World Bank: Cambodia Country Assistence Strategy (CAS) For further donor-related strategy documents see http://www.countryanalyticwork.net 4.3 Reports and analyses a. PRSP-related publications Alonso i Terme, Rosa/Lindsay Judge/Jeni Klugman (2005):
PRSPs and Budgets: A Synthesis of Five Case Studies, in: Budget Support
Practitioners' Forum. Conference olume, World Bank, OPCS (forthcoming).
(based on Cambodia case study) Bojö, Jan et al. (2004): Environment in Poverty Reduction
Strategies and Poverty Reduction Support Credits. World Bank, Environment
Department, Environmental Economics Series, Paper No. 102, Washington
D.C., November. (includes data on Cambodia) Bojö, Jan/Rama Chandra Reddy (2003): Status and Evolution
of Environmental Priorities in the Poverty Reduction Strategies. An Assessment
of Fifty Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers. World Bank, Environment Department,
Environmental Economics Series, Paper No. 93, Washington D.C., November.
(includes data on Cambodia) Buckley, Graeme J. (2003): Social Dialogue and the Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) Process in Cambodia: an Assessment. International
Labour Office, Geneva, July. Caillods, F./J. Hallak (2004): Education and PRSPs. A review
of experiences. A review undertaken with the support of DFID, UNESCO,
Interational Institute of Educational Planning, Paris. (includes data
on Cambodia) Chavez-Malaluan, Jenina Joy/Shalmali Guttal (2002): Structural
Adjustment in the Name of the Poor. The PRSP Experience in the Lao PDR,
Cambodia and Vietnam. Focus on the Global South, Bangkok. Coyle, Erin/Alison Evans (2003): Experience of PRSs in Asia.
Executive Summary - Key Issues. PRSP Monitoring & Synthesis Project,
Synthesis Note 8, July. (includes data on Cambodia) Currah, Kelly (2002): Process Before Strategy: Planning
a PRSP for Cambodia. In: Alan Whaites (ed): Masters of their own development?
PRSPs and the prospects for the poor, World Vision International, Monrovica,
CA, pp. 88-109. Dewachter, Sara (2005): The Participation Conditionality
under Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: The Joint Staff Assessment -experience.
University of Antwerp, Institute of Development Policy and Management,
IDPM-UA discussion paper 2005-6, April. (includes data on Cambodia) Dom, Catherine/Ensor, Tim/Leon Bernhard Suy (2003): Results-oriented
Public Expenditure in Cambodia. Overseas Development Institute (ODI),
Working Paper 201, London, March. Egulu, Lawrence (2004): Trade Union Participation in the
PRSP Process. World Bank, Social Protection Unit, Social Protection Discussion
Paper Series, Washington D.C., August. (includes Cambodia case study) Foster, Mick/Sadie Mackintosh-Walker (2001): Sector Wide
Programmes and Poverty Reduction. Overseas Development Institute (ODI),
Centre for Aid and Public Expenditure, Working Paper 157, London. (includes
Cambodia case study) Fox, James W. (2003): Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers:
Review of Private Sector Participation. USAID Development Information
Services (DIS), Washington D.C., October 31. (includes data on Cambodia) GTZ (2005): Making Poverty Reduction Strategies Work -Good
Practices, Issues, and Stakeholder Views-A Contribution of German Development
Cooperation for the 2005 PRSP Review May 2005. Eschborn, May. (includes
Cambodia Good Practice sheet) Heidel, Klaus (2004): Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers
- blind to the rights of the (working) child? The (I-)PRSPs' perception
of child labour. A problem outline and annotated collection of source
material. Kindernothilfe/Werkstatt Ökonomie, Duisburg/Heidelberg.
March. (includes data on Cambodia) High-Level Forum on the Health MDGs (2004): MDG-Orientated
Sector and Poverty Reduction Strategies: Lessons from Experience in Health.
Abuja, December. (includes data on Cambodia) IMF/IDA (2002b): Review of the Poverty Reduction Strategy
Paper (PRSP) Approach: Early Experience with Interim PRSPs and Full PRSPs.
Prepared by the Staffs of the IMF and World Bank, Washington DC., March
26. (includes data on Cambodia) International Labour Office (ILO) (2002b): Poverty Reduction
Strategy Papers (PRSPs): An assessment of the ILO's experience. Governing
Body, Committee on Employment and Social Policy (ESP), 285th Session,
November. (includes data on Cambodia) Joint Donor PRSP Training (2003): Donor Coordination, Alignment
of Assistance and Harmonization of Policies and Procedures; The Cambodian
Case. Case Study for Module 4 of the Joint Donor Staff PRSP Training,
Vietnam, September 2003. Draft for discussion. Lucas, Henry/David Evans/Katherine Pasteur (2004): Research
on the current state of PRS monitoring systems. Institute of Development
Studies (IDS), Discussion Paper 382, Brighton, December. (includes data
on Cambodia) Mahmood, Moazam (2005): Generating decent work for poverty
reduction in Cambodia. International Labour Office, Policy Integration
Department, Working Paper No. 48, April. Marcus, Rachel/John Wilkinson (2002): Whose Poverty Matters?
Vulnerability, Social Protection and PRSPs. Childhood Poverty Research
and Policy Centre (CHIP), Working Paper No. 1. (includes data on Cambodia) Mitlin, Diana (2004): Understanding Urban Poverty - What
the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers tell us. London. (includes data
on Cambodia) Nagasu, Masahi (2004): Ownership in Cambodia. Review of
process of preparing Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. GRIPS Development
Forum, November. NGO Forum on Cambodia (2004a): NGO Statement on the First
Year of Implementation of the National Poverty Reduction Strategy (NPRS),
March. NGO Forum on Cambodia (2004b): NGO Sectoral and Issues Papers
on Poverty Reduction and Development in Cambodia 2003. March 2004. NGO Forum on Cambodia (2003a): Cambodia's National Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper. Suggestions for NGO Follow-up, Monitoring and
Advocacy. NGO Forum on Cambodia (2003b): A Rapid Comparison of the
NGO Statement to the 2002 CG Meeting and the Final Draft of Cambodia's
National Poverty Reduction Strategy. NGO Forum on Cambodia (2002): NGO Statement to the 2002
Consultative Group Meeting on Cambodia. Phnom Penh, 19-21 June, 2002. NGO Forum on Cambodia (2001a): NGO Statement to the 2001
Consultative Group Meeting on Cambodia. NGO Forum on Cambodia (2001b): Rapid Assessment of the PRSP
Process in Cambodia: Two Banks, Two Processes, Two Documents. Prepared
by the NGO Forum on Cambodia on behalf of the Asian NGO Coalition (ANGOC).
September. OECD/DAC (2004): Role of Infrastructure in Economic Growth
and Poverty Reduction. Lessons Learned from PRSPs of 33 Countries. DAC
Network on Poverty Reduction, Berlin, October 27-29. (includes data on
Cambodia) Oxfam International (2004): From 'Donorship' to Ownership?
Moving Towards PRSP Round Two. Oxfam Briefing Paper 51, January. (includes
Cambodia case study, pp. 39-43) Pollard, Amy (2005): Cambodia. In. Mozammel, Masud/Sina
Odugbemi (eds.): With the support of multitudes, World Bank/DFID, Washington
D.C./London, pp. 92-97 Raghwan, Raghwan (2004): Uncomfortable but taking part -
Cambodia's union and the PRSP, in: ILO (ed.), Trade Unions and poverty
reduction strategies, Labour Education, 1-2, No. 134-135, pp. 55-58. Schmidt, Mary Beth (2002): Review of the Integration of
Social Funds With Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and Country Assistance
Strategies. Consultant's Report to Human Development Network, World Bank
Group, Washington D.C, May 31. (includes data on Cambodia) Siphana, Sok (2003): Trade Mainstreaming and PRSP - Lessons
from the Experiences of Cambodia. Regional Conference on Trade Capacity
Building and Private Sector Development in Asia. Jointly organized by
OECD Development Co-ooperation Directorate and the Development Centre
in collaboration with The Royal Government of Cambodia, 2-3 December,
Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Thin, Neil (2001): Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: Lessons
Learned, and Their Role in Asia. Background paper for DFID Regional Livelihoods
Workshop, Rajendupur, Bangladesh, 8-10th May 2001. (includes data on Cambodia) Thornton, Nigel/Marcus Cox (2005): Developing Poverty Reduction
Strategies in Low-Income Countries Under Stress (LICUS). Final Report.
Agulhas, 6 January. (includes data on Cambodia) UNDP Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP)
(2005): Do Governments Actually Believe that ICT Can Help Alleviate Poverty?
A Perspective from Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). APDIP e-Note
2/2005. (includes data on Cambodia) Wood, Angela (2004): World Vision's experiences with the
PRSP porcess: Perspectives from Ethiopia, Senegal and Cambodia, in: World
Vision International (ed.): Rough Diamond: PRSPs and the 60th Anniversary
of the World Bank and IMF, pp. 20-24. World Bank Operations Evaluation Department (OED)/IMF Independent
Evaluation Office (IEO) (2005): The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative.
Findings from 10 Country Case Studies of World Bank and IMF Support. Washington
D.C. (includes Cambodia case study) World Bank Operations Evaluation Department (OED) (2004):
OED Review of the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) Process. Cambodia Case
Study. Corporate Evaluation and Methods Group, Washington D.C., July 6. World Bank (2005): Toward a Conflict-Sensitive Poverty Reduction
Strategy. Lessons from a Retrospective Analysis. June 30. Social Development
Department (SDV)/ESSA, June 30. (includes Cambodia case study) World Development Movement (2005): Democracy and the Poverty
Reduction Strategy process: Country cases. May. (includes Cambodia case
study). World Vision (2001): Submission to the Comprehensive Review
of the PRSP Approach. Policy and Advocacy Department. (includes data on
Cambodia) b. Background reading McGrew, Laura/Kate Frieson/Sambath Chan (2004): Good Governance
from the Ground Up: Women's Roles in Post-Conflict Cambodia. Women Waging
Peace Policy Commission. March. UNDP Cambodia (various years): National Human Development
Reports. 4.4 Links to stakeholders involved Royal Government of Cambodia: Ministry of Economy and Finance Council for the Development of Cambodia (CDC): The Status
of Poverty Reduction Strategy Cambodia - Poverty Net (Council for Social Development) b. Civil society Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace Center for Social Development NGO Forum on Cambodia Directory of Development Organizations (national / international) c. Donors / International actors Aid Harmonization & Alignment Iniatiative - Cambodia
country profile International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Cambodia country profile World Bank - Cambodia country profile United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) - Cambodia country
office 4.5 General country information International Crisis Group (ICG) - Cambodia country profile
(archived) Freedom House - Cambodia country profile The Eldis Gateway to development information provides a comprehensive and up-to-date country website that can be accessed at http://www.eldis.org/eastasia/index.htm 4.6 General links that also provide country-specific information European Network on Debt and Development (Eurodad) International Monetary Fund (IMF) The World Bank Group Paris Club Source : www.prsp-watch.de (September 2005) © German Version: VENRO |
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